The best vitamins and minerals for your daily intake depend on your individual health needs. If your diet is rich in fruits, whole grains, lean proteins, low-fat or fat-free dairy, and vegetables, you’re probably getting most of the nutrients your body needs. But when you can’t meet all your nutritional needs through food alone, supplements may help fill the gap.
Vitamins and minerals are essential to any healthy diet. Research shows that a nutrient-rich diet may help prevent chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease. While studies on whether supplements offer the same benefits are limited, more than 50% of Americans take at least one supplement daily.
Do You Really Need Supplements?
Many people take supplements to meet their nutritional needs and maintain overall health. However, experts agree that most people don’t actually need them. There’s limited evidence that supplements can prevent or treat chronic illnesses such as cancer or heart disease.
A balanced diet that includes fruits, vegetables, grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy provides most of the vitamins and minerals your body requires. But if you’re unable to get specific nutrients from food, supplements might be helpful.
You may benefit from supplements if you fall into one of these groups:
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Adults 50 and older: Postmenopausal women may need extra calcium and vitamin D. Hormonal changes during and after menopause can reduce bone density. These nutrients help prevent osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones and increases fracture risk.
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Pregnant or trying to conceive: Doctors often recommend folic acid supplements during pregnancy or when planning to become pregnant. Folic acid helps prevent birth defects.
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Vegans and vegetarians: People who don’t consume dairy, fish, or meat may be at risk for vitamin B2, B12, and D deficiencies.
Common Nutrient Deficiencies and Symptoms
Many people fall short on calcium, fiber, iron, potassium, and vitamin D, though severe deficiencies are relatively rare. Still, low levels can lead to malnutrition, especially over time.
Symptoms of nutrient deficiencies depend on which vitamin or mineral is lacking, and may include:
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Chest pain or shortness of breath
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Constipation
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Fatigue
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Dizziness
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Headaches
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Irregular heartbeat
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Low body temperature
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Muscle cramps or weakness
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Pale or yellowish skin
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Tingling in hands and feet
Some deficiencies can raise your risk for serious health issues. For example, low vitamin D levels can lead to osteoporosis and fractures.
Safety Considerations
Taking a daily multivitamin is generally safe—if recommended by your doctor or pharmacist. But it’s important not to exceed the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for any nutrient. Side effects can range from mild to serious. For example, too much iron may cause stomach pain, constipation, or diarrhea.
Keep in mind that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not strictly regulate supplements. Their effectiveness and safety can vary based on type, dose, frequency, and possible interactions with medications. Always talk to your healthcare provider or pharmacist before starting any supplement.
Here are some specific safety tips:
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Antioxidants: High doses of antioxidants like vitamin C or E might interfere with cancer treatments. If you’re undergoing cancer therapy, talk to your provider before taking these.
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Beta-carotene: High doses may increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers.
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Vitamin D: Too much can cause calcium buildup in the blood (hypercalcemia), which may lead to kidney stones.
How to Choose the Right Supplements
Before adding any new supplement to your routine, consult your healthcare provider. They may recommend bloodwork to test for any deficiencies and determine whether a supplement is safe or necessary.
Supplements can interact with health conditions or medications. Scientists also don’t fully understand the effects of some supplements on children and pregnant women.
Other tips when shopping for and using supplements:
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Be cautious with “natural” supplements: Some ingredients labeled “natural,” like comfrey or kava, can damage the liver.
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Watch your dose: Ask your provider what dose you should take. Never exceed the UL for any nutrient.
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Look for third-party testing: Choose supplements that carry certification seals from independent organizations like USP (U.S. Pharmacopeia), which test for quality and safety.
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Weigh the risks and benefits: Consider whether potential side effects outweigh the benefits.
Also be sure to take supplements correctly—for example, with a full glass of water or on an empty stomach in the morning, depending on the type. If you’re scheduled for surgery, let your doctor know about any supplements you’re taking, as you may need to stop them beforehand.